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Putting the GI into Practice
GI Symbol Consumer Launch

New references

Foster-Powell K, Holt SHA, Brand-Miller JC (2002). International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:5-56.

Ludwig DS and Eckel RH (2002). The glycemic index at 20y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:264S-265S.

Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Augustin LSA et.al. (2002). Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:266S-273S.

Willett W, Manson J, Liu S (2002). Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:274S-280S.

Brand-Miller JC, Holt SHA, Pawlak DB, McMillan J (2002). Glycemic index and obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:281S-285S.

Leeds AR (2002). Glycemic index and heart disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:286S-289S.

Pi-Sunyer FX (2002). Glycemic index and disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:290S-298S.

Ludwig DS (2002). The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 287:2414-2423.

Useful References

GI and Diabetes
GI and Heart Disease
GI and Obesity
GI and Colon Cancer
GI and Health - General
Tables of GI Values
GI Recommendations

GI and Diabetes

The Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2000). Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54:353-355.

Gilbertson HR, Brand-Miller JC, Thorburn AW, Evans S, Chondros P, Werther GA (2001). The effect of flexible low glycemic index dietary advice versus measured carbohydrate exchange diets on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24:1137-43.

Buyken AE, Toeller M, Heitkamp G, Karamanos B, Rottiers R, Muggeo M, Fuller JH and the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group (2001). Glycemic index in the diet of European outpatients with type 1 diabetes: relations to glycated hemoglobin and serum lipids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73:574-81.

Giacco R, Parillo M, Rivellese AA, Lasorella G, Giacco A, D'episcopo L, Riccardi G (2000). Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fibre-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 23:1461-6.

Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MF, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC (1997). Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Journal of the American Medical Association 277:472-477.

Salmeron J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB et al (1997). Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 20:545-50.

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GI and Heart Disease

Liu S, Manson JE, Buring JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ridker PM (2002). Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75:492-498.

Dumesnil JG, Turgeon J, Tremblay A et.al. (2001). Effect of a low-glycaemic index-low-fat-high protein diet on the atherogenic metabolic risk profile of abdominally obese men. British Journal of Nutrition 86:557-568.

Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Holmes MD, Hu FB, Hankinson SE, Willett WC (2001). Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73:560-6.

Ford ES and Liu S (2001). Glycemic index and serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among US adults. Archives of Internal Medicine 161:572-6.

Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE (2000). A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71:1455-61.

Frost G, Leeds A, Dore D, Madeiros S, Brading S, Dornhorst A (1999). Glycaemic index as a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration. Lancet 353:1045-48.

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GI and Obesity

Ludwig DS (2000). Dietary glycemic index and obesity. Journal of Nutrition 130:280S-83S.

Agus MSD, Swain JF, Larson CL, Eckert EA, Ludwig DS (2000). Dietary composition and physiologic adaptations to energy restriction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71:901-7.

Spieth LE, Harnish JD, Lenders CM, Raezer LB, Pereira MA, Hangen J, Ludwig DS (2000). A low-glycemic index diet in the treatment of pediatric obesity. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 154:947-51.

Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I, Roberts SB (1999). High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics 103(3).

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GI and Colon Cancer

Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Augustin L, Negri E, Parpinel M, Boyle P, Jenkins DJA, La Vecchia C (2001). Dietary glycemic load and colorectal cancer risk. Ann Oncology 12:1-6.

Bruce WR, Wolever TMS, Giacca A (2000). Mechanisms linking diet and colorectal cancer: the possible role of insulin resistance. Nutr Cancer 37:19-26.

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GI and Health - General

Frost G and Dornhorst A (2000). The relevance of the glycaemic index to our understanding of dietary carbohydrates. Diabetic Medicine 17:336-45.

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Tables of GI Values

Foster-Powell K, Holt SHA, Brand-Miller JC (2002). International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:5-56.

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GI Recommendations

The Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2000). Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54:353-355.

Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation. Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Rome, 14-18 April 1997. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 66, 1998.

National Health and Medical Research Council. Dietary Guidelines for Older Australians. Ausinfo, Canberra, 1999.

Position Statement by the Canadian Diabetes Association (1999). Guidelines for the nutritional management of diabetes mellitus in the new millenium. Canadian Journal of Diabetes Care 23(3):56-69.

American Diabetes Association (2001). Nutrition recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 24(S1).

Dietitians Association of Australia review paper (1997). Glycaemic index in diabetes management. Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 54(2):57-63.

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